The standard German Empire weaponry for the soldiers was the Gewehr 98 bolt action rifle (1 below). Some more experienced soldiers had special models with scopes on them. There were 2 pistols that were used by Germany (usually only by officers), the C96 (2 and 3 below) and the Luger P08 (6 below). Later in the war the MP18.1 (4 and 5 below) was introduced as the worlds first practical sub machine gun.
Austria Hungary mostly used the same weapons of the German Empire. However due to some shortages they sometimes used older rifles to supplement their troops with, such as the M95 (1 below) and the M1888 (2 below). However, one Austrian Rifle, the Y 1903/14 (3 below) was used in small numbers.
The Ottoman Empire was an important fighting force of the Central Powers during World War One, and so were their weapons. Like most other countries in the Central Powers, they were usually issued with German weapons.
Even though most Central Powers were equipped with the Gewehr 98, sometimes other countries could not get the supply they needed, and some soldiers were forced to use older rifles, like this Gewehr 88. The Gewehr 88 was made in 1888 in response to France's new (at the time) Lebel rifle with its innovative smokeless powder bullets and higher capacity than Prussia's (what Germany was at the time) earlier rifles. The Gewehr 1888 became the first rifle in the world to match the Lebel rifle.
Like Germany, the Ottoman Empire had both the Luger P08 (below) and the Mauser C96 (above) as part of their arsenal. The C96 was produced officially from 1896 until 1937, and it served in the Great War. The Luger was made to replace the against C96 and was also adopted into service by the Ottomans.
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Aside from the German MG08, the Ottomans used the Shwarzlose machine gun, which was water cooled and fired at around 500 rounds per minute. It was usually mounted on a tripod and operated by a 4 man team.